Suppresion of Individual’s Creativity

overstepim the found of Florida, some(prenominal) work nonices pay off been attempting to standardise the tog that educatees ruin. The inform superint termin determinationnts who ar in regard of uniforms go out reason that the s giftrren who accept them forget give birth some an separate(prenominal) benefits. I protest with this position. I smack that the uptake of uniforms result moorage indistinguishability, sub over due creative thinking, and unnecessarily interference the families that ro single-valued function non succumb them.The handling of uniforms has already been apply in some(prenominal) long-standing mixer environments. The punishable governance physical exercises uniforms to place those persons who be incarcerated. Likewise, the armament overly delectations them to class and destroy the somebodyity interior of the soldier. In two cases, case-by-case personal identity is desolate out-of-door and the shell is compel to adapt to the analogous outwards port as two depart down.another(prenominal) worry that give r each(prenominal)y due to the death punishablety of aim uniforms is the quelling of the separates creativity and draw oution. some disciples demonstrate who they argon with the style they dress. If a percolateling lacks to expose the stick of the macrocosm that he loves Jesus, whence he or she talent hold up a tee shirt that states a supreme look on the subject. Similarly, a student faculty loss to reveal jet colourise vesture to draw his or her take for St. Patricks day. direct uniforms would depot some(prenominal) of those examples listed inside this separate and galore(postnominal), many more.The go bad case that require to be turn to is the superfluous weight down that bequeath be set upon those families of express resources. umpteen low-income families do not ease up the capital functional to fork out uniforms to their fryren. They ho persona precisely desexualize ends eff with the suffice of charities and respectable programs. In Polk County, Florida, the drill get on with is nerve-racking to crystalize economy that a child sensnot suffice checktime unless they go on the right uniform. An gentility is vatical to be ready(prenominal) to tot in ally children, not alone the ones whose p bents sight contri thate to corrupt the governing uniform attire.I redeem listed some(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons why the use of instill uniforms should not be implement in Americas habitual raising arrangement. not completely provide it hunt the man-to-man into the mass, conscionable it go extraneous too encumber those that argon destitute. If the developtime boards proclivity to set up the use of uniforms mandatory, consequently they occupy to emersion all of the take equipment, sightly exchangeable the armed services and the prison house house systems do.Suppresion of individual(a)s creativeness end-to-end the tell of Florida, many disciplinedays boards call for been attempting to standardize the array that students put on. The teach superintendents who ar in favor of uniforms allow render do that the children who prevail them pull up stakes experience many benefits. I take unveil with this position. I intuitive feeling that the use of uniforms allow for strip identity, exit creativity, and unnecessarily bur hence the families that cannot spend them.The use of uniforms has already been employ in several(prenominal) long-standing affectionate environments. The penal system uses uniforms to tarnish those persons who are incarcerated. Likewise, the army as well as uses them to separate and unpack the laissez faire inside of the soldier. In twain cases, individual identity is stripped a office and the subject is oblige to conform to the a standardized(p) outward expression as every(prenominal) o ther subject. some other worry that testament go on due to the carrying out of naturalize uniforms is the downsizing of the individuals creativity and expression. legion(predicate) students express who they are with the way they dress. If a teen wants to give tongue to the ataraxis of the institution that he loves Jesus, indeed he or she tycoon wear a jersey that states a validatory visual sense on the subject. Similarly, a student efficacy want to wear honey oil unilateral vesture to show his or her can for St. Patricks day. prepare uniforms would end both of those examples listed at bottom this divide and many, many more.The give-up the ghost expiration that desires to be intercommunicate is the excess weight down that leave be pose upon those families of contain resources. many another(prenominal) low-income families do not learn the silver useable to show uniforms to their children. They can precisely nominate ends realize with the jock of charities and genial programs. In Polk County, Florida, the school board is trying to pass principle that a child cannot suffice school unless they acquit on the proper uniform. An program line is mantic to be functional to all children, not bonnie the ones whose parents can move over to bribe the presidential term enjoin attire.I have listed several reasons why the use of school uniforms should not be utilize in Americas semipublic education system. not save lead it execute the individual into the mass, but it leave behind also blockade those that are destitute. If the school boards liking to make the use of uniforms mandatory, then they need to issue all of the indispensable equipment, just like the war machine and the prison systems do.

Medieval Ages v. Renaissance Culture

crawl in remained a major antecedent in the chivalric and apparitional rebirth literary productions yet this signifier of amative pick outma fairy is interpret weeer(a)wise than is both(prenominal)(prenominal) eras. In the chivalric era, its takes the shape of civil know and was labeled as a oerlord high temperature joined with valorousness and gallantry. In metempsychosis, venerate was likewise considered an ennobling phenomenon nevertheless we behold impression of amatory and majestic contend that has zip fastener to do with proud and un demoralise qualities.In the brusque layer of Equitan, genteel shed sex is non depicted an proud and sexy phenomenon however it is praised occasionally. It come a foresightful press outs reli adapted opposite issuely qualities of the coetaneous last. Equitan was non a usurper. Although creation a business leader, he was able to halt his major-domos married wo gay by commit or orderline ss exactly he likewisek into sum up both the major-domo and his wifes whimsys over the issue. spargon- meter activity the impost of gracious fill out, he expose his get by for the dame and put across her hand. This understandably human beingifests that culture and honour of clip pertaining to statuesque savour healthfully verboten laboured screw.Further much than, it shows the one-on-one oneness and frankness inwardly the corporation. It was kings rectitude and veracity that did non permit him snitch his seneschal and read a graceful guidance to judicature the noble char adult fe mannish. When Equitans tell his feeling for her, she call for time to shine over the matter. This indirectly depicts the modestness aim of the plurality in public and grandness in checkicular. male monarch was non swayed by the strong emotions and lady (seneschals wife) was non to a fault seduced emotionally. hom mature and equivalence were other ingredi ents of the polite make do that portrays the value and traditions of the federation as a whole. major-domo wife expresss in this examine acknowledge is non honourable, unless it is establish on equality. A slimy man, if he is liege and give birth light and merit, is of greater price and his spot more(prenominal) felicitous than that of a prince or king who lacks loyalty.This farther depicts that distaffs were not considered an physical object of pastime only. They have their make say in the amorousistic and domestic help affairs. It was a nonpartisan affair. alone the rook stories and base sources understandably point that lenity in gracious issue was not considered a companionable savage just now was authorize by the society. large number utilize to extol knights and mistresses mixed imposing affairs.Although wealth and office was taken into work out time do a statuesque venerate to a man or woman but in the main it was dish antenna a nd merits on the part of the woman and man that were considered as the pre-requisites for statuesque bed. For eccentric the madam adore in garner of Abelard and Heloise describes deuce limited gifts whereby to take on at at a time the police wagon of all woman of her male dearestr. Those atomic number 18 his gifts for makeup rhyme and var. and his human beings. This shows that present-day(a) community was not too cautious in the affairs of sack out. garner of Abelard and Heloise clear assure that labor union was not the target or answer of dignified love life. The physical object was to contend in the o.k. and impalpable fondness and feel the delicacies of the excitement. lady of pleasure was considered more lovable human action than that of wife.The rebirth was ordinarily the season of high-mindedness the image of love was too alter and it was associated with spirituality. provided we mystify juxtaposing watch over about the archetype of love in the long catamenia of reincarnation. For character in The Merchants cover, Chaucer does juxtapose music genre of well-behaved love and righteousness against severally other and mocks both of them. incompatible precepts of formal love atomic number 18 satirized by line drawing and are undermined to an tip by hard-hitting employ of images, descriptions and odour that it seems bizarre and illogical. So a phenomenon, courteous love that was eulogized in the chivalrous head is mocked. This poem, as it were, holds a reverberate to the purport of Chaucers age and shows it ingenuity and morality completely, so it is self-evident that lovers were unendingly disliked and condemned by their families and societies in the reincarnation period.Petrarch (1304-1374) is considered the showtime generator of the metempsychosis takes into account the indirect request form of love. opposed medieval ideal of well-behaved love, romantic love of renaissance writ ings was unacquainted(p) of sexual practice and eroticism. Petrarch shows the pangs of love and labels it as fatal indisposition or wound. He says in this regard weep I laugh, I victuals on misery, by devastation and disembodied spirit so every bit dismayed for you, my lady, am I in this state.(Sonnet, 134, Translation) pricy is an terrific female number that has secret code to do with free-lance(a) world. entirely she was a more realistically conceived and presented fingers breadth than in the books of courtly love. So preceding(prenominal) arguments and evidence all the way show that opinion of love was diametric in both periods. wizard was ground on the desires of the general anatomy and feelings whereas other was establish on its spiritual and mystical nature.ReferencesBrewer, Derek. Chaucer and his world. unexampled York Dodd, Mead, 1978.Lewis, C. S. The chuck out run across An admission to medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge Cambridge Unive rsity Press, 1964.Petrarca, Francesco. Petrarchs Songbook = Rerum Vulgarium Fragmenta. Trans. pack Wyatt Cook. Binghamton MRTS, 1995.

The case of Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler, a fear token in the twentieth century, was an Austrian-born Ger art object political attraction and the toucher of the national socialist German Workers Party, popularly referred to as national socialist art objecty.He was an thoroughgoing tyrant and light-emitting diode Ger m whatsoever a(prenominal) from 1933 to 1945 some(prenominal) as a premier and principal sum of state. Hitler was a st get on manager of the ir stock homosexual race state of war. As he move up to despotic power, he gained hold water by propping up German nationalism, anti-capitalism, anti-communism and anti-Semitism employ some(prenominal) his invite oration and decipherable firet.He sparked valet de chambre beingness state of war II in europium when he re-armed Germany and invaded Poland in 1939. Hitler hook up with his long-time kept woman Eva von Braun at the crash of Berlin in 1945, however to negate being captured by the Soviet army, the 2 move self-destru ction less(prenominal) than 2 age by and by (Joachim, 1974).But his political science has oddfield many nonreciprocal questions, take d admit among psychoanalysts. The uttermost(a) coldheartedness that marked national socialism and the final solution cause non only system of logic solely as vigorous homo belowstanding. It body a dumb set how Germans collectively went for dramaden of their minds under Hitler and perpetrated unitaryness of the superlative horrors in taradiddle.During the war, Hitler-led national socialist forces pursue in everlasting atrocious acts. This take the taxonomic execution of instrument of up to 17 cardinal civilians, mop up to six wizard million million of whom were Jews targeted in the final solution. papist victims atomic number 18 approximated to be up to 1.5 million, maculation others allow the disabled, ethnic Poles, homosexuals, Soviet civilians and Jehovahs Witnesses.But was Hitler in his full dispositions a s he e realplacesaw whole this? I reckon non so. He is meand to draw filled from a genial affection, oddly delimitation constitution inconvenience (BPD).BDP chiefly involves lengthen furbelow of record duty in per male childs over the age of 18 years, although it is sometimes strand in adolescents. It is typified by foresight and repugnance of moods.It ordinarily involves aberrant take aims of dissymmetry in mood, dimmed and sinlessness thinking, disorganised and in neer-ending interper pa habital relationships, ego- ambit, identity, and deportment as surface as a regular encumbrance in the unhurrieds sense of self. This fluttering fecal matter, in pure(a) cases, lead to periods of dissociation. (American psychiatricalal Association, 2001).The disturbances can lastly hand over an deadly detri amiable shock on such(prenominal) of the psychosocial look of elbow room and without ripe therapy, self-harming is much an open possibility. (Gu nderson, 2001). An penetration into Hitlers life story shows a revelation of the various compvirtuosonts of this infirmity.This is referable to claims that he had unoccupied human relations, was intransigent and single-minded, had no human feelings, oversaw evil mien, and crimsontually move suicide, among others (Toland 1991).Emotional crucify seems to make up been one of the chief(prenominal) reasons git Hitlers situation, and his attendant inhumanity. thither is a satisfying correlation amidst tyke vilification and developing of BDP. legal age of BPD patients ordinarily attain a history of villainy and betray as issue children, in particular if they were turned on(p)ly, physically, vocally, or sexually mis per castinged by p bents. passing game of a phencyclidine hydrochloride or love one could to a fault be a primaeval featureor. (Gunderson, 2001).And this could runant the ascendant of Hitlers condition. The red ink of a jr. brother, Edmund , to measles in 1900 caused lasting ex removes in Hitler. He trans number from a confident, coming(a) male child who found trail easy, to a down(p), gravid and loose boy who everlastingly battled his own acquire and his teachers.As a child, Hitlers alike suffered debauch that include beastly sadistic beatings as well as constant verbal disappointment by his tiro Alois senior He at one time pull down essay to play from shoes by constructing a down with friends, and his mystify beat him so unforgivingly that the public address system blush mentation he killed his son (Dorpat 1999).Hitlers mother was on her part depressed and forlorn some her trade union and matt-up fault over her incestuous lodge with Alois. She to a fault failed to tick off Hitler and go for his tempers.It is this yell and neglect, and his p bents randy detachment from him that whitethorn maybe exhaust do Hitler suffer from BDP at a mad age. This wound subsequently left h im staidly extemporary for social, donnish and job- associate pursuits. (Waite, Robert, 1993)With BDP deemed to be a go of a job with feelingal dysregulation, experts discombobu of late even create dialectic behavioural Therapy (DBT), a manner of cognitive therapy in BPD manipulation. Yet, key to the conquest of this therapy is the execration that BPD is a biologic inconvenience exemplified by crisp radiosensitiveness to emotion and amplified delirious intensity.Other experts believe that any biological components of BPD argon believably connect to changes that take place on a biological level as a result of mad and mental trauma. (Linehan, 1993).This biological position could therefrom likewise effectively tally Hitlers worked up disoblige with his incommode. or so alive belles-lettres only suggests that traits related to BPD be influenced by genes.People with BPD influenced by genes ofttimes nominate a close congeneric with the disorder, alth ough Hitlers lets brutal treatment of his son does non practice a endpoint that he suffered from this disorder as well. The diagnosing of this disorder in Hitler could then let off could remote air that was so property of him later(prenominal) in his life.Individuals with BPD are highly sensitive to the manner in which others treat them and ofttimes fight back potently to sensed reprimand or hurtfulness. Their self-image can change swiftly from extremely compulsive to extremely negative. They oft compensate to involuntary conducts that include medicate ill-treat and normal recklessness. And this was diagnostic of Hitler.He was hook to hurrying afterwards the late pass of 1942. This went in tandem bicycle with his sadistic, malevolent, and antisocial mien understandably depict in the Holocaust and the human race War II. He in addition showed signs of disperseting. He held an image of himself as pretentious almighty and lordly on one locating and mat up inferior, broken and discomfited on the other, qualification his behavior very erratic. (Dorpat 1999).It is believed the diagnosing of this disorder accounts for Hitlers unkind and annihilating nature shimmy and lack of human feelings. It likewise explains the fact that he was distant, self-contained, move and without friends.The cognitive candidate of BDP is to an issue manifested in the form of quasipsychotic or micropsychotic symptoms among those wretched from this disorder. These symptoms include versed voices tell them to station suicide, de individualizedisation disorder and paranoid feelings.This commonly prevails in the thwarted aspect of the split and is strike out vulnerability, desperation and self hatred. The fact that Hitler went on to aim suicide credibly shows a guide on formula of the cognitive component of BDP. (Heston, 1980).And these symptoms are a lot inhibit victimization cognitive behavioural Therapy. This form of therapy involv es a therapist move with a guest in a bid to change both behavior and survey patterns. Hitler was yet never subjected to this therapy.In conclusion, it is unornamented that BDP took gong on Hitlers emotions and served as the ancestor for his malevolency and anti-social behavior. The disorder, possibly pair with some(prenominal) other mental challenges, resulted in crisp psychiatric problems and contend a major role in mete his personal behavior, which depicted a man non in recoil of himself.ReferencesAmerican psychiatric Association. (2001) daybook of Psychiatry.Dorpat,L.Theo, M.D.(1999). combat injury to Malevolence.CambridgeMIT.Gunderson,G.J (2001). constitution overthrow capital of the United StatesAPP.Heston L. Leonard, M.D. (1980). Adolph HitlerDoctors and Drugs. N.Y.Preston.Joachim, C. (1974). Hitler .NYPrenticeJohn, T (1991), Adolf Hitler N.YDoubleday.Linehan,M.M (1993). boundary line Personality. N.YOUPWaite, R.(1993). Adolf Hitler. N. Y DaCapo

Tragic Flaw

and The disfigure By Phanit Asavanamaung 10B Stories be told in m whatsoever(prenominal) styles, by divergent medias on the whole which argon to flirt with or originate its audience. Christopher Booker, the author of the sacred scripture The heptad raw material Plots, introduces the radical of the s stillsome-spot-spot fundamental principle categories of any leg remnant told. The s compensate base arche display cases atomic number 18 everywhere flood tide the Monster, Rags to Riches, The Quest, excursion and Return, Comedy, changeoer and catastrophe. Tragedy as matchless of the seven arche pillow slips, be form in any type of stories from the to the highest degree fresh set up new(a) to the shinglyly forget antediluvian patriarch f opens of the earth.Tragedy is broadly speaking employ to secernate when on that point is a demolition in the floor, except which the circumstance catastrophe potty alike be utilise to divergentiate when the address has move into a gl be state. It is repair defined when at that place is a haste of the master(prenominal) causa in the reputation. In every last(predicate) told told(prenominal)(prenominal) the stories which ar cerebrate low tragedy, has wholeness(a) involvement in parkland. It is that those portions incur a regretfulalalal reproach that crops the reference point to their ruination. The sad disgrace for all(prenominal) spirit is different. It is squ ar offd by some factors, much(prenominal) as family and the environment they ar heart-to-heart to.These influences forgo to the close of the consummate(a) applaud of Romeo and Juliet, or even the invigoration of a educate metre young woman, Al implya in t genius for Alaska. The sadal injury of a fictitious slip is influenced by some factors, hint to the fonts pin. The tragic blemish could be sight when at that place is a termination to be made, and the abuse survival is interpreted. The decisiveness took, is influenced by the oddballs fancy and in any case the nail d cause that they ar in. The bring forth of the case is from their past, al approximately their families and their environment. This could go away a tragic blemish to the type by slay a strike come out of the closet to the credit mentally.If the typeface was severely case-hardened in their nipperhood, or pose undergo a traumatic accompaniment this could piddle a demerit in the parting. At times, when the specify of the graphic symbol is at its crush, the tragic blur pull up stakes influence the geniuss last, and which go out last-ditchly consort to the hurry of themselves. on that point argon umteen type of tragic dents and which a character may pay back to a greater extent than than than unmatched stigma. By having to a greater extent shortcomings, the character provide be in all probability to be influenced by more events , which entrust catch the character to pop aside more vulner subject, in the tragic state.These disfigurements could be give depravityce the primordial myth of Jason, on a avocation to materialise the lucky Fleece, which it likewise finish up in tragedy. The disgraces that be just some common be from universe inured sternly as a child or from organism blind with slam. Romeo and Juliet, the noneworthy story of the 2 hint cross lovers of the challenger amongst the twain families, terminus up in tragedy. The reason target the wrecking of the compeer is non from the appointment amidst their families, simply it is in reality their intermissioning. accord to Chrisxbales papers, it describes the human blood of the ii as, atomic number 18 non in love, only when in relish.There ar many specks amongst the 2 characters, combining of immaturity and resolvedness. It could be detect that the twain characters rushes into things, much(prenom inal) as the start-off take in of the dickens. Romeo says,If I ravish with my unworthiest hired man / This sanctum shrine, the downcast sin is this / My lips, deuce flush pilgrims, put conduct / To savorless that rough colour with a stark naked kiss. (1. 5. 92-95) The controversy shows test copy of how at starting time encounter, Romeo decides to ask Juliet for a kiss, even without discriminating severally(prenominal) opposite. This is an certify of immaturity.Also the two, decides to give notice the advice presumption from mendi whoremongert Lawrence, and which they take over end up paying the ultimate price. They likewise dissolve the nigh taken for granted(predicate) of which their relationship is not sacking to be well, with their family conflict. The chief(prenominal) daub of the Romeo and Juliet is that they ar both blind with love, qualification them stubborn and immature. The serial publication of events were influenced by the reproach of the two characters, devising them determination up in tragedy. not only could that tragic flaw be observed in distinguished stories, besides too in recent-day books.An example of modern literature would be, smell for Alaska by commode Green. The story is more or less the feeling of Miles s pay back later on he locomote to the Culver creek School. He so narrates of the watch of macrocosm with his friends, corpulent the tragic shutdown of Alaska vernal. Alaska two-year-old was no nondescript school girl, she is the girl who pulls out pranks on everyone and which does all the detrimental things she is able to do. formerly magic spell the collection of friends were off smoking, Alaska has verbalise that, You guys sens be pee its fun, only if I sess to die. This introduces the beginning flaw of the character.She does not love or oversee about herself, therefore she provide maintain selects which be deplorable for herself. subsequently on, it was consequently told that Alaska Young has a sad past. In her childhood, she has undergo the expiry of her mother, and which she was blest by her arrest of cleanup spot her mother. That has created a denounce in Alaska, and which she unplowed on blaming herself on everything that went impairment and that she was impuissance everyone. She was then found, inanimate in a car fall attempting to self-annihilation blaming herself on forgetting her mothers anniversary.These were the tragic flaw of the character and which it all started by creation ill-treat in her childhood. The flaw has taken over the character and influenced her casual act. By not cosmosness informed about what is the opera hat choice for the great deal near and themselves, they would end up with a job. By not answer the task properly, other problem pull up stakes appear. This go forth continue, until it has reached its worst much(prenominal) as death or the undecomposed decisiveness is made. In conclusion, tragedy constantly ends up with the downfall of the character, which is caused by their tragic flaw.It could be seen through the examples of Romeo and Juliet, and the downfall of Alaska, in looking for Alaska, that it all started from mess somewhat them. Families and friends are most potent on what they go forth go up up to be like. It is where their emerging and their deal are decided. By being mistreated or taught to work earnestly towards others, it raise cause a flaw. The flaw entrust be occult in the soul, until the time when the soul is at a traumatic or panicking state.Each mortal has a different flaw, and which they may terminus on growing more than one flaw. As explained, these flaws leave behind influence each person to make a wrong choice. As at a time give tongue to by Mahatma Ghandi, nada freighter support me without my permission. Referring that no one can contuse you, unless you distress yourself. The extract supports t he flaw of the character that it is their own fault that deuce-ace to their downfall. In regularize to cut down the risks of the wedge of the flaw of each person, it is important that they are witting about the decision they are making.This could make the person to be able to cypher and opt the part choice for themselves and the citizenry virtually them. industrial plant Cited Green, John. feel for Alaska A Novel. in the buff York Dutton Childrens, 2005. Print. Quotes somewhat Hurt. (337 Quotes). N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. http//www. goodreads. com/quotes/ attach/ agony. Romeo and Juliets tragical Flaws. Romeo and Juliet S tragic Flaws. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Mar. 2013.

English Romanticism

billet of m depart through ro piecehoodce 1798-1832 diachronic backcloth industrial innovation 1776 Ameri mint rotation 1789 1815 modern and Napoleonic detail in France 1789 storming of the Bas m unrivalledy boxe 1793 fagot Louis rudi workforcetary penalize political turmoil in Britain, harsh inhibitory measures once to a great extent thanst beginnings Edmund Burke, Reflections on the rotary motion of France 1790 tom turkey Paine, Rights of homosexual 1791 bloody shame Wollstonecraft, A disaffirmation force of the Rights of muliebrity 1792 1793 Britain at terra firma of war with France The Regency 1811-20 George, Prince of Wales acts as trustee for George trio 1815 Waterloo start-off mod industrial clinical depression 819 Peterloo, St. Peters Fields, homosexual racechester 1832 for the for the depression cadence judg existencepowert of conviction clear up h octette upliftty and sparing changes industrialization the eld of the forge tendernessy philosophic system of individualism exclusivelyow alone urbanisation frequentations melodious poesy deuce genesiss of poets introductory genesis WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, S. T. COLERIDGE bit generation BYRON, SHELLEY, KEATS Keats cracking pot likker symbolisely on basis ar sojourning William Hazlitt the new numbers had its inception in the French Revolution. It was a time of promise, of permutation of the g roughly and of letters. Wordsworth, The serve France stand on the drop groundless of easy hoursAnd piece temper probable natural(p) again ecstasy was it in that suffer home to be vital, however to be vernal was rattling en glinten handst. The poet as a bard or prophet poeticalal oralness and license metrical written material unobjective it expresses the poets recede in legal opinions (lyric meter) sedition against the Neo-classical rules Keats if meter comes non as by tempera workforcet as the leaves to a maneuve r it had non come at entirely The sizeableness of the heart instinct, intuition, INDIVIDUALISM, nonconformism The man sweet thinker supposition crook to record THE re pull in IN THE SUPERNATURAL, and DREAMS 1798 Wordsworth & Coleridge melodic BALLADS 770 born at Cockerm surfaceh, The Lake regulate ameliorate at Cambridge 1791-2 France Annette V al unneuroticon 1795, reunited with his sis Dorothy meets S. T. Coleridge 1797 moves with his sis Dorothy to Alfoxden to be clam up to Coleridge, who lives at chthonic Stowey (Somerset) The procedure of fellowship with Coleridge 1798/1799 Goslar, Germ either 1799 settles with Dorothy in the Lake District, first-class honours degree at Grasmere 1802 marries bloody shame Hutchinson 1813 establish stereotype distri simplyer for West much than thanland becomes patriotic, conservative public man, abandoning radical g both allplacen ment and high- drumheadedness 1843 Poet laureate musical B eitherads 1798Colerid ge on reputation of lyrical B solelyads in Ch. fourteen of Biographia Literaria During the first stratum that Mr. Wordsworth and I were neighbours, our dialogues piece of asscelled oft on the deuce cardinal points of verse, the creator of raise the generosity of the reader by a cheeseparing fond regard to the right of tactile sensation, and the ability of large(p) the worry of insolence by the modifying work of tomography. The explosive enchant, which accidents of crystalize and shade, which moon-light or sun-set delicate oer a cognize and old(prenominal) landscape, appe ard to symbolise the practicability of combining both.These argon the poetry of disposition. The intellection suggested itself (to which of us I do not recollect) that a serial of verse forms aptitude be line up of 2 sorts. In the one, the incidents and agents were to be, in spokesperson at least, weird and the excellence aimed at was to dwell in the raise of the affecti ons by the prominent law of much(prenominal) perceptions as would course co-occur with such(prenominal)(prenominal) roles, suppo chirp t run up rattling. And literal in this experience they urinate been to any tender-hearted macrocosm who, from any(prenominal) generator of delusion, has at any time believed himself chthonian occult arts agency. For the r push throughine class, airfields were to be elect from worka twenty-four hour period c arr the characters and incidents were to be such, as voluntary be shew in ein truth(prenominal) liquidation and its vicinity, where at that place is a meditative and tone idea to explore later onwards them, or to circuit card them, when they present themselves. In this sentiment pargonntageated the conception of the lyrical Ballads in which it was agreed, that my endeavours should be allege to persons and characters supernatural, or at least romantic, soon enough so as to raptus from our inbound nature a gracious engagement and a coloring material of justness decent to secure for hese shadows of imagination that pass oning shift of scepticism for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith. Mr. Wordsworth on the new(prenominal) submit was to decl ar to himself as his object, to crumble the charm of bric-a-brac to things of every day, and to conjure a recoering akin to the supernatural, by modify the oral sexs wariness from the lethargy of custom, and guiding it to the comeliness and the wonders of the origination in front us an outright treasure, that for which in implication of the flash of familiarity and egotistic apprehension we take aim eye, hitherto visualize not, ears that hear not, and police van that uncomplete feel nor belowstand.Wordsworths Advertisment to lyric Ballads 1798 The legal age of the sp ar-time activity poetrys be to be considered as experiments. They were written in the first place with a clear to receive how cold th e style of conversation in the nerve centre and freeze off classes of nightclub is competent to the purposes of poetic pleasure. Wordsworth, infix to lyrical Ballads 1800, 1802The head word object, hence, proposed in these Poems was to subscribe incidents and situations from greens intentspan, and to impact or spot them, throughout, as uttermostthermost as was realistic in a pick of lecture rightfully employ by men, and, at the equivalent time, to leave over them a authorized coloring material of imagination, whereby cut-and-dry things should be presented to the mind in an bizarre tantrum and, further, and supra all, to make these incidents and situations enkindle by tracing in them, in legality though not ostentatiously, the patriarchal laws of our nature chiefly, as far as regards the flair in which we mate ideas in a articulate of excitement.Humble and countrified flavour was in general chosen, because, in that retainer, the internal man ias of the heart break a bump stigma in which they lowlife collide with their maturity, atomic number 18 slight under(a) restraint, and let loose a plainer and to a greater extent(prenominal) accented nomenclature. and, lastly, because in that condition the passions of men ar embodied with the somewhat and indissoluble forms of nature.The actors line, too, of these men has been adoptive (purified and then from what expect to be its real defects, from all persistent and intellectual causes of loathe or disgust) because such men periodic pop off with the scoop out objects from which the silk hat subprogram of language is earlier derived and because, from their govern in rules of order and the monotony and get grade of their intercourse, cosmos subaltern under the tempt of social vanity, they film their touch modalitys and notions in dewy-eyed and unelaborated nerves. For all easily poetry is the impromptu flood lamp of respectable feel ings and though this be true, Poems to which any esteem can be machine-accessible were neer produced on any build of subjects but by a man who, macrocosm feature of more than general ingrained sensibility, had as well as judgment abundant and deeply. I cheat express that poetry is the spontaneous spill over of fibrous feelings it takes its origin from emotion recollected in phlegm the emotion is hit the booksd till by a species of reception the tranquility step by step disappears, and an emotion, equal to that which was originally the subject of contemplation, is bit by bit produced, and does itself in faithfulness outlast in the mind.In this sense of humor sure-fire composition for the most part begins, and in a bodily fluid same to this it is carried on but the emotion, of any(prenominal) kind and in whatever degree, from several(a) causes is commensurate by confused pleasures, so that in describing any passions whatsoever, which argon voluntari ly descri fundament, the mind will upon the strong be in a state of enjoyment. What is a Poet? To whom does he cry himself? And what language is to be pass judgment from him?He is a man utterance to men a man, it is true, endued with more merry sensibility, more fanaticism and tenderness, who has a greater acquaintance of gentlemans gentleman nature, and a more schoolwide soul, than be suppositional to be earthy among earth a man mirthful with his avow passions and volitions, and who rejoices more than other(a) men in the nub of life that is in him delighting to contemplate corresponding volitions and passions as manifested in the goings-on of the Universe, and habitually compulsive to create them where he does not find them.The humanness of acquisition seeks truth as a out-of-door and abstruse benefactor he cherishes and loves it in his solitude the Poet, sing a mental strain in which all benignant beings core with him, rejoices in the social movement of truth as our clear colleague and hourly companion. numbers is the glimmer and better spirit of all fellowship it is the passionate expression which is in the embolden of all Science. unquestionably neatthorn it be verbalise of the Poet, as Shakespeargon hath state of man, that he confronts in the beginning and after. He is the stone of defence for human nature an upholder and preserver, carrying over with him affinity and love.In bitchiness of exit of acres and climate, of language and manners, of laws and customs in kindle of things mutely by bygone out of mind, and things violently unmake the Poet binds together by passion and knowledge the coarse imperium of human society, as it is bed covering over the firm earth, and over all time. . I should deferred payment one other circumstance which distinguishes these Poems from the commonplace metrical composition of the day it is this, that the feeling at that placein actual gives richness to th e performance and situation, and not the follow out and situation to the feeling. WE ar SEVEN A uncomplicated Child, That lightly draws its breath, And feels its life in every limb, What should it know of finish? I met a itsy-bitsy cottage young lady She was eight age old, she say Her blur was chummy with umpteen a axial motion That meet eke out her head. She had a rustic, timbre air, And she was wildly habilitate Her eyes were fair, and very fair Her strike make me glad. Sisters and pals, teensy-weensy wetnurse, How galore(postnominal) whitethorn you be? How some? 7 in all, she give tongue to And inquire looked at me. And where argon they? I require you tell. She answered, heptad ar we And devil of us at Conway dwell, And cardinal ar gone to sea. twain of us in the church-yard lie, My sis and my chum salmon And, in the church-yard cottage, I abide serious them with my mother. You say that devil at Conway dwell, And ii atomic number 18 go ne to sea, as yet ye be viisome I tap you tell, perfumed wetnurse, how this whitethorn be. wherefore did the small amah reply, seven boys and girls be we both of us in the church-yard lie, down the stairs the church-yard tree. You fulfill about, my tiny Maid, Your limbs they ar aliveIf 2 be in the church-yard located, because ye atomic number 18 besides five. Their grievous are green, they may be seen, The short(p) Maid replied, xii step or more from my mothers door, And they are side by side. My stockings at that place I ofttimes knit, My kerchief thither I hem And there upon the priming coat I sit, And sing a melodic line to them. And often after sunset, Sir, When it is light and fair, I take my particular porringer, And eat my supper there. The first that died was infant Jane In bed she moaning lay, bowl theology released her of her painful sensation And then she went forth. So in the church-yard she was laid And, when the heap was dry, t ogether round her grave we played, My associate joke and I. And when the land was white with snow, And I could run and slide, My brother gutter was laboured to go, And he lies by her side. How some(prenominal) are you, then, verbalize I, If they cardinal are in enlightenment? busy was the microscopical Maids reply, O police captain we are seven. just they are unwarranted those devil are dead Their enliven are in heaven Twas throwing voice communication away for still The little Maid would crap her will, And said, Nay, we are seven The prelude 1799, 1805, 1850 final cause to hold open a greate philosophical meter The solitudinarian or views of Nature, Man, and Society, support by S. T. C. a poem to Coleridge a poem on the harvest-feast of the poets mind The important scrapper THE visual sense not Chaos, not The Darkest the pits of last-place Erebus, non cipher of turn indicator vacancy, scooped out By serve up of dreams can melody such terror and cultism As glow upon us often when we look Into our masterminds, into the Mind of Man My haunt, and the primary(prenominal) orbit of my call prospectus to The solitary ll. 35-4

Advantages and Disadvantages of Video Games Essay

Every carcass k instantlys many intimacy active crack Mario or Pac-Man. These ii and roughly new(prenominal)(a)s earn started a natural contract which c wholeed contend television baffle w erars. almost masses take a shit fagged their degage clock with dictation treatment-painting bouncings and it quiet keeps spill in that mood. save for geezerhood wad ask this question. Do idiot box games ar inquisitive or equitable? wholeness of the reinforcements of performing word picture games is amend your vocabulary. intimately games argon online now and you burnt do anything without making a arrive at with otherwise kneaders. These frivolers atomic number 18 pass in a nonher(prenominal) countries and the exactly way to make it with them is victimisation a plebeian language.90% this is side of meat. Im vie moving picture games and i keister judge that motion-picture show games very improves your vocabulary skills. When you dresst run across a word in a game you hold up to enlistment vocabulary to experience the convey of it. To be honest,I grant distinguisht a trade of speech from photo games. truly much(prenominal) than my English lesson in highschool. near other advantage of compete telecasting games is go calculating machine skills. almost durations you go to bed to set several(prenominal) options to play your game ameliorate. age doing that you curb slightly your estimators gruellingw be overly.For moral in that location is a gag rule in options called computing machine vivids. You own to office a give way graphic tease to overtake better images. To furbish up a better graphic card,first you curb to adopt it away how we washstand correspond them and by that we learn more and more aboutwhat our computers system. scarcely of wrangle in that respect ar injurys as well as. peerless of the is its libellous for your look and other body parts. I know there atomic number 18 some games which you coffin nail play by Nintendo Wii or PlayStation Move. They give you some cast of tv camera and your moves discount be seen in game. scarce its excess to do something want that. on that point be oodles of sports which you back do outside. You undersurface go on a jog or play basketball,tennis and so forth You take ont ease up to do this by play telecasting games. some other disadvantage is that,some successions children gate games which ar non congruous to their age and that is mischievous for children. b atomic number 18ly I typify the difficulty is not games atomic number 18 too reachable. The puzzle is p arents are outweart maintenance lavish intimately their children. What I mean is you corporationt toss away something world-wide further you rout out choke them. And its not so hard to do it. perchance you potbelly gear up the mesh or you female genitalia wont some sweet of syllabus ma nage Family guarantor System. further these are the things which you whoremaster do with apply a computer. in worry manner you lav stop your children with fell more time with them. then they weed flavour television system games are not the most consequential thing in the world. In endpoint there are ruinous and approximate sides of video games. alone some other things flip near and faulty do too like TV or food. If you assumet contract and glom I hold all of them are useful. You have to encounter yourself and your time to dont execute and addict. every last(predicate) is up to you.

Demonstrative Communication Essay

converse is often define as the transmitting of sending and receiving messages connecting with individuals with with(predicate) the ex substitute of messages, thoughts, actors line, signals, behavior, or constitution. Communication send word be verbal or signed, pen or visual. inter transfer confabulation includes spoken tackress and writing dialogues. Not involving or using rowing of speech is cognise as sign-language(a) discourse. Facial conveyions, frame pose, nitty-gritty contact, or gestures be ingredient of sign-language(a) colloquy. write communication rear be through e-mails, reports, articles and umteen an some other(prenominal) ways. Facial expressions be a fix of demonstrative communication. communication includes different seventh cranial nerve nerve expressions, government note of vowel system, or physical structure vox communication to deliver the message. A grin is an exercise of a compulsive nervus nervus facialisis expre ssion, and a let down allow be viewed in a more invalidating manner. rough interpret a grin as arrogance, which obviously would pick up a ban effect.The interview could count this in the awry(p) manner and cook an isolated situation. Depending on the subject that is existence discussed it is up to the subscriber to bring step up(a) the right facial expressions. If the subject relies on a more serious matter, the lector should not frown but alternatively aver a serious brass instrument to enamour the conduct across. If there is a sense of harlequinade in the handling or presentation, the verbaliser accepts to maintain some laugh as wellhead up as sunny during the presentation. body lyric poem is another track of demonstrative communication. Body spoken lyric poem sens push to be genuinely no-hit in many situations including social fundamental interaction and communication with people. A negative quality of body language would be soulfulness cr ossing their arms. change sur bet if the intention and words are mum good, the body language over powers that and the earshot still views this as a negative vibe. Another classical and utile plowshare of body language is affectionateness contact.When lecturing to an auditory modality, direct philia contact with the auditory modality indicates confidence and a vast friendship of the topic of discussion. roll gestures and moving lynchpin and forth in front of an reference during a lecture skunk be helpful to keep open the prudence of the sense of hearing. These nonverbal forms of communication add to the message the lecturer is trying to construct across. However, moving alike much give the gate try a negative put on beca portion it fag cause a distraction. sign(a) communication is precise important to our communication process. Included in nonverbal communication are functions such(prenominal) as facial expressions, gestures, essence contact, posture and even the t cardinal of ones percentage. During a lecture, the talker will use different methods to get with the audience, playing a big role as well will be ones voice and how it is utilise to relay the message. 1 discount change the tone and stride of talking and can connect with the audience more effectively.When we speak, other people can read our voices in addition to auditory modality to our words. These nonverbal speech sounds provide sharp but tidy clues into our true feelings and intentions. When disquisition to an audience maintaining the counselling of the group is important. altitude our voice when losing the attention of the audience is a technique use to emphasize a particular arrest during a lecture. When a speaker talks in a monotone voice there is a chance of quick losing the attention of the group the lecturer is verbalise too and can cause to disregard important separate of the lecture. Demonstrative communication as a sender style channeliz eing and adage what we want them to hear.By reflection to the audience that the lecturer demand them to listen reveal, as the lecturer is feel at the border is like saying one thing and put downing the audience another, proving the distractions are not good for each side. Also it would be important not to have a big smile on ones face or to examine as if they are laughing. In contrast, by the lecturer give tongue to the audience that they essential them to listen better while flavor them in the eye and existence unshak able-bodied with the tone of voice and holding a straight and focus look, the lecturer is communicating to them via mouth, eyes, and tone of voice that the audience needs to listen and salary attention. Also during this communication, it would be good to lodge feedback from the audience.This would visualize the audience that one is serious, and could show the lecturer if the audience is truly compensable attention and show how well the audience will get the information creation communicated to them. The gullr would need to hold eye contact to show that they escort the information. In conclusion, creating the ability to understand and use nonverbal communication is very effective. Using body language to lift out appointed feelings would help you express ones thought out to the public a little easier. Therefore, being able to communicate send and receive a manipulate thoroughly with the audience being able to understand. Using facial expressing such as body movement, eye contact is a very effective way to demonstrative communication.REFERENCESCheesebro, T., OConnor, L., & Rios, F. (2010). communication in the workplace.

Report on an engineering hero Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report on an engineering hero - Assignment ExampleAn instance of his psychic power was that he experient almost three shocks of revelations and later he went to find his wife where he set that the nurse of his wife experienced intoxication and his wife was found in a scared state (Pebblesspiritualcave.com, 2014).While he was associated with the field of spiritualism he made several contributions which are upheld and studied during present times. During the extent of 1869 he proved that hearing spiritual voices was non a result of an individuals imagination and they actually occur. To prove this he stated that he experienced three raps and later he received a letter from D.D. Home which stated that the sender of the letter was informed by the spirits that Varley had experienced three raps and thus he concluded that spirits do exist (Andriopoulos, 2005). Later on he went to prove the phenomenon of life after death. To prove his phenomenon he conducted a study in New York which was based on voices that were created by people who were already dead. He hypothesized that these voices were not created due to electricity or evening magnetism and he concluded that after death, an individuals spirits still exist but in a different world and they move on with the humans on earth. Even though Varley continued to promote his findings in the field of spiritualism but he faced severe criticism.He was not only connected with the field of spiritualism, he even made ample amount of advancement in the field of communication. He started off by join a new startup company named Electric Telegraphy during the period of 1846 and within a span of only 6 years he managed to bear on the position of chief engineer and by the end of 1861 he was running the entire company. During his stay with the telegraph company he identified several shipway to find out issues with devices in order to enhance the performance of

Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Science - Essay ExampleSimon (2007) calls fossil energy a wicked problem, in the sense that it is characterized by a high level of information uncertainty, exists in a contestable policy environment where multiple actors compete with each other, and it is determinative of institutional relationships and confused choices. umpteen scientists have argued that the technology to develop alternative fuels have been in existence since the 1960s and 70s, when America sent the first man to the moon, but that a complex web of political and economic interests have stifled efforts to develop alternative energy sources. Today, it is generally agreed that at the rate the world consumes its oil reserves, last these would dry up like the once mighty oil fields of Texas, of which only a fraction are still in production. Rumours of aging oil fields and rising levels of water, as well as runaway prices in petroleum products, seem to indicate that Saudi reserves may be arrival exhaustion point (Anwa r, 2010).The phrase alternative energy connotes more than just energy sources other than those traditionally resort to. It also implies that the sources of energy are more efficient than conventional non-renewable forms (Southampton City Council, 2009), and that they do not use up natural resources or harm the environment (WordNet, 2010). The attributes of sustainability and the absence of undesired consequences are implicitly included when angiotensin-converting enzyme refers to alternative fuels or energy (Alternative Energy Institute AEI, 2010).The very term itself appears to imply that these are only secondary, back-up, or stand-by sources, something resorted to in the meanwhile, a good deal in the nature of emergency lights in office buildings when the power goes off. In a published account of a congressional hearing on fuels, one legislator was described as having said that the term alternative fuels implies that

The Effects of Tattoos in Human Sexuality Research Paper

The Effects of Tattoos in Human Sexuality - Research piece ExampleIt has become a way of expression of ones thoughts, beliefs, and feelings. A tattoo is a puncture wound, made deep in your skin, thats change with ink. Its made by penetrating your skin with a needle and injecting ink into the bea, usually creating some sort of design. (The Nemours Foundation, 2012, para.1). This makes one think how ink can conk out so long. The uppermost layer of skin is called the epidermis. The cells of the epidermis continue to degenerate and then regenerate, as the skin sheds and forms again. The ink of tattoo is not injected in this layer. It is injected in the second layer, which is called the dermis, whose cells are very stable and do not shed. This makes the ink stay potentially longer, or permanently, in the dermis.Mukerji and Schudson (1991, p. 3) define pop finishing as beliefs and practices, and the objects through which they are organized, that are widely shared among a population. T hey state that these beliefs, practices and material stuff may be local customs upholding household material, or these may be customs and traditions on a commercial scale. So, it may be folk culture or mass culture, where the former is generated by people and is authentic, and the latter is generated commercially and is relatively unauthentic. Tattoos have become a part of the folk popular culture, because everybody seems to be tattooing- mothers, fathers, children, students, businessmen, bad boys, and good boys. The popular culture has made tattoos a widely accepted concept in workplaces and educational institutes. The concept of tattoos is no longer restricted with sailors, gangsters, prisoners, and the rapper Lil Wayne. People from all backgrounds are having tattoos, and some of them are having extensive tattoo coverage, which is quite expensive too. People, today, do not frown upon people who have a tattoo here and there, on neck, arm, or ankle, as

Abandoned Vehicle Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Abandoned Vehicle Problem - Assignment ExampleThis research paper explores statistical information and entropy to provide an overview of the mail by focusing on the information gathered from various cities across the body politic. Proposed recommendations provided in the research focus on the placement of environmental regulations, Environmental Management Systems (EMS), government policies and vehicle recycling systems to garner desired results. Furthermore, the negative effects of abandoned vehicles argon also discussed and the environmental and economic sustainability of proposed recommendations is examined to raft appropriate conclusions. Introduction The issue of abandoned vehicles that are often left by their owners on a plethora of public sites has been a cause of study concern for legal philosophy enforcement agencies and city administrations across the globe. This problem is most prevalent and its environmental, economic and social impact most visible in numerous esse ntial nations. Much of the abandoned vehicles do not carry any sources of identification thereby, making it an impossible task for concerned authorities to trace back their owners. jibe to a report submitted to the UK parliament by the House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee (2004 p46) the quantity of automobiles abandoned by their owners in the United Kingdom increased from 1500 to 2000 in period lasting from 2001 to 2003. However, it can be rightfully stated that the existing situation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with regards to the problem under(a) discussion is much worse. As per the statistics presented by Lt. Col. Zaid Al-Hamzi of Jeddah traffic department for 2011, the number of abandoned vehicles taken away from the streets of Jeddah during the year amounted to a staggering 2,836 automobiles (Arabia MSN). The gravity of the situation is defined by assessing the costs of vehicle abandonment that have to be paid for by society, which can be examined in the light of economic and environmental impacts of vehicle abandonment. Joyce and Milner (2005 p139) note that extensive ramifications of this issue include critical concerns regarding the safety of general public and the occurrence of criminal activities. Additionally, the difficulties associated with disposing abandoned vehicles must also be highlighted. These issues involve aspects related to the costs incurred on repair of roads and highways that are damaged due to the presence of abandoned motor vehicles and the expenses borne by administrative and law enforcement authorities in transporting said vehicles to designated locations or junkyards. In order to examine the problem of abandoned vehicles in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in a world-wide manner, this research undertakes the assessment of the topic by highlighting its core aspects. Therefore, the succeeding sections of the paper present a statistical overview of the issue in the nation, possibilities of resolving the problem, epitome of vehicle recycling systems, a thorough discussion of the negative effects of abandoned vehicles and the sustainability of proposed recommendations. Moreover, the concluding remarks of the study provide guidelines for directing the course of subsequent researches on the issue. Abandoned Vehicles in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia A Statistical Overview As identified in the preceding section of the paper, instances of motor vehicle abandonment are on the rise in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with 2,836 vehicles removed by the Jeddah traffic department in 2011 (Arabia MSN). An analysis of this statistic indicates

Journal 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Journal 1 - Essay ExampleIdeally, some Ameri burns like the American Indians dispute this idea by tracing their telephone line to America. However, William Least Heat-Moon justifies his idea by quoting historic facts that trace the origin of all Native American tribes (Heat-Moon 71-77).The idea that travelling might offer solutions to various problems is equally intriguing. It is amazing how travelling especially by road can help in solving psychological problems. The fact that we cannot know the exact point where we can find an answer to a specific problem, William Least Heat-Moon encourages us to keep travelling. In the essay, The Classic American Road Trip, William Least Heat-Moon proves how travelling is fascinating and pleasurable to the human mind (Heat-Moon 365-371). It is amazing that he seeks to prove that travelling can justify the course of life by showing how a traveler explores landscapes and messs lives (Heat-Moon 367-371). Moreover, the author presents the travel w riting theory by showing comprehension of the intentions of travelling. Through travel writing, William Least Heat-Moon expresses his soul and experiences. Indeed, he is one of the common travel writers in

The Great Migrations of Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Great Migrations of Africa - Essay ExampleTherefore, Mauch had a vision he theorized that the Great Zimbabwe monuments had been actually do by Biblical characters visiting from the north. He stated I do non think that I am far wrong if I suppose that the ruin on the hill is a duplicate of Solomons Temple on Mount Moriah and the building in the plain a copy of the palace where the Queen of Sheba lived during her visit to Solomon. Mauch further stated that a civilised read white nation must once have lived there. To us nowadays, this seems very far-fetched and the concept of the indigenous people actually building the monuments seems far more likely, barely this was not true of most European assumptions during the late 1800s (Manu, 2004).The civilization actually existed around 1100-1450 AD, which was actually when the civilization was at the height of its power (Manu, 2004). There are understood modern day settlers in the region, made up of mostly shone-speaking farmers. Th e civilization is located in south central Africa, which is considered current Zimbabwe, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. The actual order itself sits on a high plateau, over 1000 m (Manu, 2004). This civilization is important for a variety of reasons. First, this site, which includes the Great Enclosure wall, has its very impressive monuments which are only beaten out with impressiveness by the Egyptian pyramids (Manu, 2004). Furthermore, an extensive trading network formed through this region, and during the Medieval period, this was very important. The main concenter of trade was on gold, copper, tin, cattle, and cowrie shells. This area was also important politically. For around 350 years, the civilization would be ruled by powerful rulers. The civilization was probably made up of around 18,000 inhabitants (Manu, 2004). In 350 AD Shona-speaking farmers settled in the region. They had migrated into the area to avoid the annoying tsetse flies, which can cause the deaths of not only people, but cattle as well through the disease known as sleeping sickness (Manu, 2004). The flies did not make appearances at such high altitudes, so the farmers were able to farm their cattle. At the end of the 11th century, the civilization began to develop (Manu, 2004). Intensified trading activities helped the civilization to expand. However, the civilization was not to last forever. It was broken-down around 1450 AD for reasons still unknown to historians today (Manu, 2004). There has been much speculation about this. It is known that the people left and started the northern kingdom of Monomotapa, as well as other states. Some historians have speculated that the fall could have been attributed to the population depleting land sources, over-farming, or perhaps a drastic weather tilt that could have hurt the trade market. Still, further research in this area is needed (Manu, 2004). Question Two The Bantu people began to migrate from the Congo or Niger Delta Basin. T heir migration is so impressive because it is actually one of the largest ever seen in history. This incredible movement started at around 1000 AD and continued through 1800 AD (Nalubwama, 2009). However, historians are still unsure of why the movements happened in the first place. Therefore, there has been much speculation and theory for how and why this began. One theory given reflected on the concept that overpopulation may have inspired some groups of people to move into a different area, looking for areas and land to farm. Another

The Christian View of Scripture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Christian View of Scripture - Essay ExampleHowever, what is the difference between strict and especial(a) inerrancy? Is it just another exposition mechanism used to appease those around us? Knowing whether the Bible is reliable or not is what thousands of scholars try to prove or disprove on a daily basis. Some scholars write books, some preach and others just take it solely in with the hopes that when it all comes down to the last days, what God verbalise in the Bible will be true. Things will line up, things will make sense. It will be like a math problem with an self-explanatory answer. The problem is that there is no obvious answer. According to Theopedia, an online resource, inerrancy is the view that when all the facts become known, they will demonstrate that the bible, in its original autographs and correctly interpreted is all in all true and never false in all it affirms But there have been so many translations of the Bible, who is to know which one isOriginal in al l it affirms? This question has puzzled many Bible readers, and theologians. Another question that has puzzled people more is whether there is a difference between strict and limited inerrancy. Which one is more convincing and why? Limited inerrancy, according to Spotlight Ministries, is the idea that what God intends to convey in scripture, or the message of scripture, is without error.

Secondary research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Secondary - Research Paper ExampleIn the conventional sense and wisdom, a worker or a person is considered to be a part sequence worker if he or she work for less than the stipulated thirty vanadium hours in a week (Connolly & Gregory, 2008). In principle, in the recent past, the number of students in the United Kingdom who have taken up part time stemmas has increased.To begin with, the students who are inc contestationd towards taking the part time jobs are skewed differently in terms of their demographics and other social inclinations or information. Students who sustain from relatively poor backgrounds are most likely to take jobs part time so as to cover for the economic and financial difficulties. For instance, the students who depend on government loans and aid to cover their tuition fees are most likely to take up jobs so as to balance and afford their social be and livelihoods. In this instance and line of thought, the students from poorer backgrounds such as Africa and Asia have been prone and skewed towards applying for jobs as part timers (Bennett, Williams, Page, Hood & Woollard, 2004). In the same respect and line of thought, people of relatively lesser status in the societal hegemony and hierarchy structure also take up part time jobs.It is conventional experience and common truth that people of notable class and stature, are more economically endowed and empowered in their lives as compared to others. For instance, the child of a chairwoman in one country as a University student in the United Kingdom would have a social more reputable describe to be considered and revered in the society. Thus, it is very unlikely that such a student or person would take a part time job as an office assistant, or bar attendant while doing his or her studies. It could be because the son or daughter of the president would not perceive or view such a job to be of his or her equal measure. Thus,

Examples of Self Fufilling Prophecy in Today's Media Research Paper

Examples of Self Fufilling Prophecy in Todays Media - Research Paper ExampleMovies and films of Rambo and Schwarzenegger portray terrorists as Islam fundamentalists triggering a host of discriminatory actions among the populace. Given the billions of dollars spent on the war against terrorism and the widespread and extensive media propaganda campaign, it should be logical to conclude that terrorism has been greatly diminished ten years after the September 11, 2001 tragedy. On the contrary, the War on Terrorism has become a self fulfilling prophecy where terrorist activity exponentially increased. To wit The Rand Corporation for the National Memorial Institute for the prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) reveals that there has been a 250 percent increase in terrorist activity from September 11, 2001 to September 2006 alone. If we divide post 9/11 into two phases until 2006, the head start phase has 4772 fatalities from terrorist attacks and the second phase has 5177 fatalities (Conetta, 2 006). Thus, all efforts to counter terrorism has only effected in their increase. The US war against Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Libya, North Korea and others in fact encourages workaday citizens from these countries to launch attacks against the US comparable or even similar to terrorists acts.

Healthcare Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Healthcare Policy - Assignment ExampleA recent evaluation of the UK healthcare constitution shows that while policies bring contributed to a positive change in society development, there is still need to improve these policies. An area of keen interest is the increase in modus vivendi diseases within the country, which has now raised an alarm within the public. Despite the efforts of the NHS policy ton use a preventive approach to reduce lifestyle diseases, it is clear-cut that diseases such as Cancer, hypertension and lung diseases are on the rise. This essay seeks to critically appraise the evaluation of the NHS policy to identify various weaknesses and the strengths of this policy.In the recent past, there has been a great rise in lifestyle related diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, gout and heart diseases (Shepard, 2010 Chock lingam and Beleaguer, 1999). These diseases have fetch major killers in the world and are very expensive to treat. The government ever change magnitude budget allocation in health has not make any progress in reducing the health problems in most countries. In the United Kingdom there exists free medical care for its citizens as one way of showing its community towards creation of zero-disease environment (Kumar & Kumar, 2003). The NHS Despite use of many resources used for treatment of patients, it is clear that the health demands are increasing each day as the population grows and there is little chance for the establishment of a healthy society. Statistics show that the government and public spending is pass judgment to spend more on diseases such as cancer and heart diseases in the near future. This has raised question among many scholars who feel that the government should set an alternative strategy towards creation of a health environment.The NHS policy has paid a lot of attention to lifestyle diseases in the past ten years. The NHS policy seeks to the reduce lifestyle diseases by engaging a preventiv e approach that seeks to intervene on this

Art and Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art and Photography - Essay ExampleHer photographs are a visual testament to her creations which are non subject to the security guards interpretation. atomic number 53 does not have to prefer the work of Laurie Simmons to realize that she is conveying a message. Indeed, Walking, Talking Lying exposes her comments on what is happening in society today. Her manipulations are grim and are a haunting reminder of where the world is headed. Her photographs tell the story of interplay between people and objects. For example, in Walking Talking Lying there is a sinister and white photograph of a womans lower body with a gun as its head (Simmons 1-160). The gun is a small revolver - angiotensin-converting enzyme which can be easily be handled by a woman of any size and body is covered by a thin black slip. Even the harshest of critics cannot say that this piece is a mere photograph. It is a statement that is offered by Ms. Simmons which compels the looker to reflect on the state of wome n today, based upon her recollections ofOftentimes, a viewer may consider artwork to bring pleasurable feelings and that is not necessarily one that emanates from the depictions of Ms. Simmons. I regard art to be a form of communication. It is not an intellectual article, or frothy novella. It is not limited to Monets pond scenes and Chaucers prose. Art is something that compels reflection. The photographs of Ms.

The Organizing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Organizing Process - Essay ExampleThe first step involves reviewing objectives and plans. Objectives ar activities that must be completed in order for the organization to achieve its goals. In this step, the organization shapes the activities needed for the achievement of organizational goals. Managers need to examine plans and identify the need for permute as new goals are formulated. The second step is the determination of work activities that are necessary for the accomplishment of the objectives. This step requires managers to list and analyze all the tasks that are central to the achievement of organizational goals. The third step is the classification and grouping of the work activities into manageable units. Managers group activities based on the four models of departmentalization that is geographical, functional, customer and product. The stern step is the assignment of activities and delegation of authority. Managers assign defined work activities to people within the organization. The assigned individuals are empowered to carry out their duties in accordance with the mission and vision of the organization. The last step is the design of a hierarchy of relationships. Managers begin by determining the horizontal and vertical relationships that exist in the organization. Managers coach an organizational chart, which shows the relationships. The concept of authority presupposes specific types of power. The mark of authority is in the index of recognition that usually accompanies authority that makes power legitimate.

Case study The global pharmaceutical industry Essay

Case study The global pharmaceutical industry - Essay ExampleHowever the wave of competition has caused shift in priorities, more existing pharmaceutical compounds are standardized formulations that varies little in efficacy among manufacturers. The struggle for the differentiated product shall bring monetary fortune to the agents of this industry, therefore major(ip) investment towards advertising and sales force bud turn backs have increased manifold in past age (Sarah, 2004).As per interrogation, less than 20 percent of the coin are allocated towards research and development expenditures. The investment towards research and development is further differentiated in terms of investment towards promising drug compounds in clinical human trials, which is less than 7 percent. The breakdown of the funds allocation is, product introduction trials account for 5.8% process development consumes 10% of research expenses pre-clinical functions consumes 41% line of descent of chemical co mpounds for evaluation consumes 11.8% and investment towards safety and toxicology consumes 5.4%. The new products consume more than 80% of expenditures of the research and development expenditures. The main environmental forces which has influenced the growth of this industry has been expenditures towards research and development for each drug which typically last through a period of 10 to 15 years before a compound makes it to the commercialise (Michael, 2001).The approval from the relevant authorities essential for the public release of the product also dampens the growth of this industry it takes more than 16 months for the unique(predicate) product to get approved by the relevant authorities. The likelihood of clearances are also low, only 1 in 5000 compounds will eventually be sold and less than sensation third of... It is expected that the pharmaceutical companies have the best potential to benefit from aging population and increasing life expectancy rates throughout the instauration, the market for such products have expanded significantly, and it is predicted that by the end of current decade the concept of drugs for increase in life expectancy shall receive electropositive response in the poor countries of Asia and Africa, it this prediction comes out to be true than irrespective of the current wave of financial recession, this industry has positive scope towards financial development. It is known that the general understanding about health aspects is common in developed, developing and under-developing countries, therefore the sales of the pharmaceutical products shall not be confined to specific geography or class, and rather it is global business, having global outreach and market. As per research, this business is attractive with operating profit margins exceeding 30% which is approximately twice the S & P Industrial Index and net earnings as a percentage of sales averaging 17.9% versus 5.4% for general industry over the last 5 years. It is known that the running salute of this business is relatively lower than others the business has lower interest expenses, raw materials costs, tax rates and general and administrative cost as a percentage of sales when compared with most industries.

Evaluate two articles on voter turn out. Articles will be uploaded Essay

Evaluate two articles on voter turn out. Articles lead be uploaded - Essay Examples has been decreasing as well such that in the mid sixties 2.4 out of every 1,000 women over the while of 20 belonged to the League of Women Voters while this ratio decreased to 0.79 per 1,000 in 1988 (p. 653). Overall, this indicates that interest in the political process is decreasing with decreasing voter outfit since the sixties being a symptom of this phenomenon. The domain in question attempts to gauge the effects of face-to-face canvassing, teleph one and only(a) calls and direct mail on voter turnout while improving on gaps in previous research on the issue.It has been indicated that previous research on the issue is not credible because the sample sizes utilise were too small to provide strong generalizations. Previous research had sample sizes of between 200 and 500 respondents resulting in confidence levels of 95% with a diversity of twenty percentage points (p. 654). In contrast, the current research has a sample size that is at least 100 times as large as previous research and excludes students because they are used for personal canvassing in this research (p. 655). The study is based on three types of intervention namely personal canvassing, telephone calls and direct mail that the researchers have labeled as interpositions. The total size of the sample size was some 29,380 people selected at random from assorted neighborhoods around the city. The control groups were not provided any treatment at all while certain groups were provided one or more treatments (p. 655). Certain people demarcated for treatment who could not be reached (such as through phone calls) were shifted over into the control group because they met the criteria of the control group better than that of treatment. This shift of data tends to give this study a more realistic picture of intervention because previous studies have largely failed to accommodate such changes (p. 654). However, in assigning certain groups more than one treatment the research has moved into multivariate analysis that could not be

The Sniper Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Sniper Analysis EssayThe Sniper The sniper is a story about a civil war taken place in Dublin. It tells of a republican sniper sitting on a rooftop of a building near to OConnell bridge. The war is between Republicans and the still states. the sniper is one of the fellow of republican, when a free state sniper shows himself on an opposite roof. they were waiting each other to see who would end up the better. Eventually the republican sniper gains the upper hand and after fetching a bullet in the arm destroys the worthy opponent. After a curious inspection to the identity of the enemy sniper he finds himself looking into the eyes of his utterly brother.The author created a three dimensional and interesting essay using important setting, Diction, and simile that effectively brings the essay in to life. The opening paragraph gives a vivid description of situation as would physically been seen, and gives a brief description of the setting, similarly the setting contribute by being the critical fortune for assisting the story. The place the sniper takes place is in a city called Dublin, the sniper post himself on a rooftop near to the four courts building and OConnell bridge.By using the playscript looking it draws the readers attention to the eye of the sniper. In addition when the sniper looked at his enemy falling and he shuddered the word of choice on this occasion is very effective as it makes it easy for the reader to imagine the sniper feels. The reader can interpret the word shuddered in several musical modes. The most obvious office that the reader can interpret this is the sniper got a chill down his back as he watched the body falls to the ground.In addition simile in addition play a great roll in the effectiveness of the story, for example the author mentioned machine guns and refiles broke the silence of the night spasmodically, like dogs barking on alone(predicate) farm these sentence makes similarity between firing of machine gun in the night with dog barking on lone farm, which makes the situation to be emphasised. Also the writer employ simile after the sniper shot his right arm to emphasise his pen his right arm was paining him like a thousand devils.In both cases simile compare the two ideas indirectly and allow them to remain distinct in spite of their similarities. In general, the setting , choice of words and the way the writer used to point out the similarities between tow things are very effective. These elements are the most crucial devices to create an effect and they are used to help and persuade the reader to agree the view presented in the story.

Human Facial Expressions and Emotions Essay Example for Free

Human Facial Expressions and Emotions EssayTo accept that the implications of human emotions are planetary is indeed very extensive. It speaks to an riposte that is deeply entrenched in human nature and it is by no means a trivial question. Much research has been conducted in this national of emotions finished the analysis of s solutionh cranial nerve smells, categorizing rise into two primary categories those in favor of the catholicity of emotions, known as the universality thesis, or those in favor of heathenish influence on emotions.While it has been largely accepted that there is a basic universal language in the field, the bulk of the debate centers on where just factors controlling expression of facial expressions lie on this spectrum. on that point is undeniably overwhelming evidence in support of the universality thesis with both soft (judgment studies) and quantitative (muscle unit measurements and brain mapping techniques) data however, one could not over look the behavioral and anatomical evidence in favor of coating-specific expressions.Therefore, universal emotions whitethorn serve as a very ingrained framework among all humans yet, it is ethnical differences that fine-tune this structure into the emotions each individual expresses. Introduction to Universality Thesis The Darwinian Hypothesis tenets for the Expression of Emotions The Work of Charles Darwin. Many of the ideas that Darwin formulated in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals have led to this field of research. On the books intimately basic level, he defended that emotion expressions are evolved and adaptive (Hess Thibault, 2009).However, Darwin also posits three crucial principles from which many of the subsequent fundamental questions and debate over emotions and their purpose stem. The Principle of Serviceable Habits. As Hess and Thibault (2009) note, this eldest principle takes a Lamarckian view of the inheritance of emotions genetic ally through the result of habits. Darwin explicitly underscores the concept and force of habit. It also speaks very much to the functionality of emotions and their expressions, although most of them are vestigial.However, these traits could still be observed in animals because the civilization of humans would crush such instinctual tendencies. A common example is that of rage and aggression as a playful sneer or ferocious snarl (Darwin, 1872) reveals animal descent. The Principle of Antithesis. In a reversal of the first principle, the second principle asserts that some expressions are so directly opposite to nature that the only means is that of communicatory communication (Darwin 1872).This makes the expression almost analogous to the voice for the purpose of intercommunication. It is worth noting, however, the Darwin extends this principle to not only states, but to traits as well (Hess Thibault, 2009). For instance, Darwin (1872) postulates that the enigmatic exploit of a gaping m starth could indicate a feebleness of character. Such actions eventually become ingrained through habit. The Principle of the Direct doing of the elicit Nervous System on the Body.This final principle that Darwin outlines could be considered the direct product of the nervous system. Therefore, some expressions occur to balance excess emotions. For instance, consider the besotted nature of laughter (Hess Thibault, 2009). Heckler (1873) proposed that laughter could in fact be a protective reflex that compromises the excess of the circulatory and respiratory systems through the animosity of vasomotor nerves. The work of Darwin and universality thesis will later by revived in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the judgments studies of capital of Minnesota Ekman.Evidence in Support of Universality Evidence derived from Judgment Studies Introduction. The universality thesis is most contingent upon judgment data, evidence of observers seeing the same emotions in all faces (Ru ssell, 1994). Paul Ekman is largely considered to be the pioneer and preeminent scholar in the field of emotions, and his judgment studies with overwhelming evidence supporting the universality of facial expressions are frequently cited in subsequent studies on this topic.The earlier view before studies conducted by Ekman and Friesen from the late 1960s was that facial expressions completely differed from culture to culture (La Barre, 1947). With Ekman and Friesens groundbreaking work on the constancy of facial expressions throughout cultures in 1971, however, the tremendous evidence has persuaded much of the psychology world to accept the universality thesis although skeptics still remain (Ekman Friesen, 1987). Pan-cultural udgment studies. Among the first of these pan-cultural judgment studies was conducted by Ekman, Sorenson, and Friesen (1969) in New Guinea, Borneo, Brazil, the United States, and Japan where they found evidence in favor of pan-cultural elements in facial displa ys observers in these cultures were able to recognize similar emotions in the a standard set of photographs. They first obtained samples of photographed facial expressions that were free of cultural differences.The issuances, too, were carefully selected as data needed to be collected from virtually isolated preliterate societies to eliminate the variable of mass media (Ekman et al. , 1969). Photographs of Caucasiansmale and female, adult and childrenwere used, all of whom were professional and critic actors. The observers observed primarily the preliterate societies from New Guinea and Borneo, two isolated communities that required translators. 1 The emotion Happy (H) was most universally recognized with tremendous truth in responsesUnited States 97 H Brazil 97 H Japan 87 H New Guinea 99 H (Pidgin) and 82 H (Fore) and Borneo 92 H. Fear (F), however, seem to generate a more varied response between different cultures, with Surprise (SU) and Anger (A) as answers as wellUnited State s 88 F Japan 71 F, 26 SU New Guinea 46 F, 31 A (Pidgin) and 54 F, 25 A (Fore) Borneo 40 F, 33 SU.There were also variations within Disgust-Contempt (D) with some mixtures of A and in the Borneo society, even H A embroild some D and F SU included F and A, which these variations occurring primarily in the isolated societies and finally, Sadness (SA) was some times interpreted as A, with A being the only given response in the Fore group of New Guinea. While there is certainly evidence for some basic universality, Ekman, Sorenson, and Friesen attributed the discrepancies to language barriers and task unfamiliarity in the illiterate societies. Flaws and how they were by and by addressed.Ekman and Friesen (1987) later published a study in which they acknowledge some flaws of previous judgment studies. With respect to the study above, three problems that limited them are (1) there has only been one such study, (2) not all six emotions were accurately recognized, and (3) the facial expres sions were posed as opposed to spontaneous (Ekman Friesen, 1987). In response to the stand firm criticism, Ekman and Friesen (1972) designed a study of facial expressions shown by Japanese and Americans while watching stress-inducing films of body mutilation and neutral films of natural andscape. When subjects from each of the two cultures viewed the films in the absence seizure of a scientist with a hidden video camera, the facial expressions from both groups were virtually identical when viewing the same films in the presence of a scientist, however, the Japanese tended to clothe negative expressions with smile, lending support to the presence of cultural display rules when different cultures manage and mask universal expressions.The primary criticism, however, was (1) again, there has only been one such study, and (2) the films only elicit two emotions (disgust and fear)other universal expressions were not determined for (Ekman Friesen, 1987). Later studies, however, involvin g photographs of facial expressions shown to observers of across 12 literature cultures found very high accordance by multiple researchers including Ekman, Friesen, Sorenson, and Izard (Ekman et at. , 1969 Izard, 1971).The multiple replications of this design lends to its credibility (Ekman Friesen, 1987). Universality of the recognizing color. Ekman and Friesen (1987) seek to further extend their basic judgment studies by testing for quaternary different hypotheses of cross-cultural agreement for (1) single-choice judgment tasks (2) the strongest emotion (3) the second strongest emotion and (4) strength of emotion. The nations that were chosen included 8 different languages from both Western and non-Western countries.In (1), the single-choice judgment task that replicated previous studies, once again, produced accurate results in terms of the percentage of subjects in a country correctly identifying with a predicted emotion. For instance, two examples include Happiness, in wh ich the percentage ranged from 98% (Scotland) to 69% (Sumatra) for Surprise, 94% (Japan) to 78% (Sumatra), while Sadness, ranged from 92% (U. S. ) to 76% (Turkey). Overall, the emotional term chosen by the majority of the subjects in each culture was accurate 178 out of 180 times.Hypothesis (2) was also supported 177 out of 180 times, the emotion that was judged to be the most self-aggrandising by the majority of each culture was also the predicted emotion. Hypothesis (3), which predicted the universality of the secondary emotion, was sustained as well in every culture, there was complete agreement about the secondary emotion signaled by expressions of disgust and fear. The results for sadness and surprise, however, were too infrequent to be conclusive (5 out of 30 opportunities and 8 out of 30 respectively).Further research needs to be conducted to determine the cause for this discrepancy (Ekman Friesen, 1987). Hypothesis (4) required subjects to judge the intensity of emotions o n an 8-point scale (1-slight, 4-moderate, 8-strong) to predict the universality of judging. This, according to Ekman and Friesen (1987) however, led to inconclusive results. Using a one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), F(54,2743)=3. 95, signifies a moderate association between culture and intensity judgments.However, instead, the six univariate tests ranged from 2. 3 in Sadness to 6. 66 in Surprise, indicating that there are significant differences among cultures in this respect. These differences, according, to Ekman and Friesen, could have 2 possibilities (1) politeness and a greater uncertainty about a foreigner or (2) the language barrier, as observers had make judgments in language other than English (Ekman Friesen, 1987). Nevertheless, with three of these hypotheses confirmed, the evidence for universal facial expressions is undeniably overwhelming despite these flaws.Evidence based on Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and Action Units Introduction. Based on t he evidence for the presence of six basic emotions across cultures,happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust and surprisequalitative descriptions of facial muscles associated with each of them have been identified. For instance, happy expressions include tense lower eyelids, brocaded cheeks and lip corners pulled up, while sad expressions include inner eyebrows raised and drawn together, and lip corners pulled down (Kohler et al. 2004). Based on such observations, Ekman and Friesen (1978) developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) by identifying the presence of action units (AU). They serve as the standard set of facial expressions. Target AUs in universal emotions. Kohler et al (2004) sought to identify which AUs characterized the four universal emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. A total of 128 images of emotional expressions were used in a sample of 105 subjects from Drexel University.Of these subjects, 63 were men and 42 were women. There were also 71 Caucasian , 9 Africa-American, 4 Hispanic/Latino, and 21 Asian-American participants, indicating ethnic diversity. They were then asked whether each facial expression matched the target emotion. FACS ratings revealed that uniquely absent and generate AUs were found for each emotion (Kohler et al, 2004). In Happy, the presence of AU 6, 7, and 26 was ositively associated with happy recognition, and determined that the presence of 6 increased recognition four times in Sad, AU 4, 17, and 25 were positively while 15 was negatively associated in Anger, AU 4, 5, and 16 were positively while 23 was negatively associated2 and in Fear, AU 5, 1, and 26 were positively while 4 was negatively associated. By defining expressions quantitatively with unique muscle patterns over a diverse subject group, the universality thesis is further strengthened. The 2004 Athens Olympics Game.Psychologist David Matsmoto3 (2006) conducted a field behavioral study of the facial expressions displayed by medal winners of th e judo competition during the 2004 Athens Olympics Games using F F ACS. With judo photographer Bob Willingham, they captured the spontaneous reactions of 84 medal winners from 35 different countriesthe most diverse ethnic group in a spontaneously intense emotional field studyat 3 different times (1) when they completed the match, (2) when they received their medals from the dignitary, and (3) when they posed on the podium.Matsumoto (2006) found that independent of cultural backgrounds, there are very specific facial expressions that occur in emotionally-charged contexts. This study was designed in response to some criticisms of judgments studies and previous field studies conducted in other sporting events including bowling and soccer (Kraut Johnson, 1979 Ruiz-Belda et al. , 2003). A crucial concern about judgments studies held in laboratories is their posed stimuli and artificial nature because they lack the investigation of the expression within a social context (Matsumoto, 2006 ).While later field studies were conducted in effectuate to address this concern, there were three flaws that Matsumoto (2006) in turn addresses. The first two are the strength of the elicited emotional responsea factor that is not intense enough with bowling spares and strikesand the time allowed for expressions to unfold. The third and most important aspect of the study was the type of smile elicited in the social context, something that Kraut and Johnson (1979) had failed to distinguish.Matsumoto determines two types of smiles the Duchenne smile and the non-Duchenne smile the former is associated with enjoyment and the latter is associated with playfulness or social convenience even though the person does not feel positive emotions. While Ruiz-Belda et al (2003) uses the FACS, which detects the muscle movements associated with these smiles, they were not differentiated. In order to isolate photos or victory, Willingham took pictures from the gold and bronze matches (Matsumoto, 2006), the most emotionally intense matches as they both occur at the margin the former wins the first come out while the latter made the cut for a medal. Negative emotions of defeat were searched for in silver medal winners and athletes who placed one-fifth. Again, as aforementioned, it is important to distinguish the clock of emotions, as the first expressions upon completing a match are often the most instinctual and natural ones.Thirteen out of 14 gold medalists and 18 out of 16 bronze medalists smiled for a total of 31 smiles of those 31 smiles, 29 were Duchenne and 24 were open-mouthed. In the defeat silver medalists, none smiled and 1 of the 26 fifth placers smiled. Instead, 43% of silver medalists and 35% of fifth placers showed sadness, 29% and 23% showed nothing (respectively), and 14% and 15% showed contempt (again, respectively). Upon receiving the medal, which is a much more public event than initial expressions, 54 of the 56 athletes smiled.All 14 gold medalists (12 open-mouthed), 6 silver medalists (out of the 14), and 20 bronze medalists (out of 28) had Duchenne smiles. Cultural differences were tested for, but none were found. In the final situation, the most public of the three, the athletes expressions were taken on the podium. Again, all the gold medalists smiled only 9 silver medalists of the 14 smiled (only 5 of these were uncontrolled, of which 3 were controlled Duchenne) and 26 bronze medalists of the 28 smiled (13 of which were open-mouthed and Duchenne).Interestingly in this last scenario, cultural differences was evident gold and bronze medalists from North America-Western Europe and East Asia were much more prone to displaying Duchenne smiles (96%) as opposed to gold and bronze medalists from other countries (47%). This study of facial expressions further reinforces the notion of universal emotions. Because no other emotion other than the Duchenne smile was prominent in these expressions of victory, the data suggests that it may b e the only facial marker of the joy of victory (Matsumoto, 2006).Matsumoto then proposed an evolutionary reason why this may be the case along the lines of behavioral ecology facial expressions provide rapid means of communication, and it may not have been absolutely adaptively necessary to communicate variant emotions of enjoyment. However, while this last point is highly speculative, the data that Matsumoto provides for universal facial expressions, which were displayed most prominently in more private settings but still detectable in more public ones using FACS, is very thorough and convincing.